This page is a record of a scholarly article relating to Fremantle.
- Part of: Fremantle Studies Volume 11
- Title: The Fremantle Hotel Trade During World War One
- Authors: Allen Graham
- Published: 2022 Fremantle History Society (Fremantle)
- Reference URL: https://freopedia.org/The_Fremantle_Hotel_Trade_During_World_War_One
- Tags: Fremantle Studies; pubs
- Authority control:
Presented at Fremantle Studies Day 2018.
Full text
It is well known that the declaration of World War 1 was not so much received with any sense of gloom, or despondency, but with a great deal of celebration and relief, for ‘it was felt that the war had to come and the sooner it came the quicker it would be over.’[1]
The declaration of war captured everyone’s attention and the local newspapers provided some good descriptions of how the news of war was received in Fremantle with the Truth telling how:
Fremantle has got the war fever badly, and throughout the week little practical business has been done at the Port. War evidently is a great leveller, and it is not an uncommon sight to see Jack and his master hobnob in the street, or discuss the latest development across the saloon bar counter.[2]
As Australia’s closest port to Europe it was inevitable that Fremantle would play a large part in the nation’s war effort and many men of business could see the opportunities that the war would bring, just as others could see the problems that it would cause. One of those in the negative camp was Joseph Monaghan, the publican of Fremantle’s Orient Hotel and the then president of the Fremantle branch of the Licensed Victuallers Association, who could see that business was going to be bad for the hotel trade and who quickly advocated that the publicans should approach the Premier ‘requesting legislation compelling landlords to reduce rents.’3
As it proved, Monaghan was right with his concerns for throughout the duration of the war the publicans were to be confronted with a raft of rules and regulations that continually impacted on their trade. No category of publican was to be more effected than the Fremantle publicans for, as the war progressed, these regulations became more onerous.
With a war to fight the Australian Government needed extra revenue, so towards the end of 1914 it imposed a tax of 3d per gallon on beer and 3sh per gallon on spirits and while these taxes were inevitably passed onto the public, it seems as if some publicans took the opportunity to profit out of the new charges, with the Sunday Times reporting:
Had the new liquor duties been passed on to the public as they stood the people would not have growled, ... but when the duties are used as a means of squeezing extra and inordinate profits out of the public then it is too much.[4]
While revenue was one thing, behaviour was another, and at the outbreak of war the Australian Government had enacted the War Precautions Act which amongst other things allowed the government to ‘either prohibit or restrict the sale of liquor in any licensing district’ or the ‘power ...to alter the closing time for hotels.’[5]
These powers were resented by the publicans, but the government and the military did not want to be confronted by scenes of drunken soldiers in the streets for not only would it be bad for discipline and morale, it would also be disconcerting to the civilian population if witnessed by them.[6]
Still, while the war was the primary focus of the town, it did not stop the people pursuing other political ambitions and while the temperance movement was one of those groups that remained active throughout the war years, other people had other international ambitions like the nameless publican at the centre of the following tale told by the Sunday Times. The paper writing that:
At a well-known Fremantle hostelry there is a granolithic ‘lawn’, painted green, with a pathway of a yellow hue some 4½ft wide. The Irish boniface responsible denies that any slur was intended when that ‘lawn’ was laid down, though any hiccupped Hibernian is at liberty to trample the orange to his heart’s content.
The article concluded by saying that the ‘ability to tread the path is proof positive that the pedestrian is sober.’ [7]
Although the publican was not named, it was most likely Joseph Monaghan of the Orient Hotel for he was a well known supporter of the Irish Independence Movement and a memory held by his daughter was ‘that whenever there was any strife with the movement, the police always came to see her father.’8
While Fremantle farewelled its first troops in November 1914 there were no real tales to tell of Australia’s contribution to the war effort until the Emden was sunk by HMAS Sydney in November 1914.
Indeed, it was ironic that one of the first war tales that had a connection to Fremantle was that of the experience of Karl Fink, a former publican of the Orient Hotel. At the outbreak of the war he was back in his native Germany and while he had become a naturalised British citizen, his British nationality was not recognised by the Germans. The Sunday Times reported he was close to being ‘commandeered and sent to the front’ and was only saved from that bleak prospect by his poor eyesight.9
While men were fighting for their lives on the slopes of Gallipoli, for most of the people in Fremantle life went on pretty much as before including the over zealous attention that the police paid to the town’s publicans, as demonstrated by this report in the Truth:
Mention of Sunday Drinking reminds one that while the police force show astonishing zeal in attending to the publican, they exhibit lamentable inactivity in other directions. Fremantle at present is over run with human pests who, if they had their due, would be doing time on the hill. While the police are running after the hotel keeper in an attempt to keep him up to the collar, they entirely overlook the hordes of thieves and hangers on who lurk round the pubs waiting for the poor devil who when he gets a few drinks in, they can get into a dark corner and rob.10
Although the public was able to take some satisfaction from the reports of our gallant efforts at Gallipoli, it was not until the naval victory of the allies over the Germans in the Gulf of Riga in August 1915 that the Fremantle people were able to celebrate an Allied victory.
To celebrate this victory the publican of the Commercial Hotel engaged a band to entertain the people of Fremantle from his hotel balcony. Joining them on the balcony was WA Murphy, the President of the All British Association, from where he delivered a patriotic address to the crowd below. His speech ignited the passions of the crowd and so at around about 11.30 pm a riotous mob took to the streets to target any businesses that were seemingly run by people of German nationality. Consequently, businesses such as Kopp’s Jewellery, Scherer’s Furnishings and a couple of Fremantle hotels all suffered window damage to one degree or another. The two hotels targeted at this time were the Star Hotel which was run by a man named Wittorf and the Federal Hotel which was run by a man named Fiedler, who in fact was a Russian and who ‘had been celebrating the naval victory during the day.’11
By now Fremantle was a ‘a real live garrison town’[12], with the Truth, writing:
Since the khaki uniform has become such a conspicuous feature of the streets, the moral tone of Fremantle has very noticeably degenerated. In fact, the frailty of the female species has become most pronounced, and the most regrettable phase of the business is that many of the victims of soldiers’ lust are mere children…Some of these are mere chits of fourteen or fifteen, who have fallen victims to the glamour of the King’s uniform.13
But if promiscuity was one problem,14 drinking was another and in October 1915, just after the dust had settled on the August riots, the soldiers put on their own show when they too rioted in the streets, the Sunday Times telling how:
There were disgraceful scenes in the streets of Fremantle last week. Something like 300 more or less inebriated soldiers engaged in what was supposed to be a route march through the streets of the town, but which instead was a display of hooliganism.
While the behaviour of those revellers was marked by rowdy singing and the obstruction of the streets, their behaviour was ‘eclipsed by a second crowd’ which invaded the town’s hotels and eating houses with many of the revellers helping themselves to the food that was on display for sale. The paper continuing its commentary by saying:
Matters became so serious that the police…advised one publican... to close his doors two and a half hours before the regulation hour, while several other hotels ‘put up shutter’ half an hour or so later as the only apparent means of quelling the disturbance. 15
Such behaviour drew the ire of both the temperance movement and the churches, and the Truth reported how:
Concern is being felt by the members of the Fremantle Ministerial Association at the notorious behaviour of Australian soldiers in Fremantle, and latterly several members of the reversed-collar crowd waited on the Municipal Council and urged that all drinkeries should be closed while the transports are in the harbour.
Not that the proposal was supported by the Truth for it continued its story by saying:
The injustice of this proposal did not occur to the rev. gents; all they saw was drunkenness, and, ... they hoped to be able to close up the pubs and thus get over the difficulty. It never occurred to them that almost every publican is paying a big rent; that every hour counts; that closing his pub would be depriving him not only of the special trade from the soldiers; but of much ordinary trade which he is entitled to; that it would be playing into the hands of low-down groggeries, wine saloons, and houses of ill fame; and that would be penalising hundreds of soldiers who like their beer but know when to stop. 16
It was at this time that the State Parliament was debating a bill which called for a reduction in trading hours. By now there had been a worldwide movement to restrict trading hours. They had already been changed in Victoria where they were restricted to between 6.00 am and 6.00 pm, which gave rise to the ugly drinking tradition which became known as the 6.00 o’clock swill. However, in Western Australia it was agreed that the trading hours would be between 9.00 am to 9.00 pm and for them to be reviewed annually during the course of the War.
It was around this time that the Freemasons Hotel was put up for auction by James Gallop as part of a package of properties that included the adjacent Kings Theatre and adjoining shops.
This hotel had been owned by Gallop since 1901 and had been rebuilt by him in 1903, a year before he built the Kings Theatre on the site next door. However, the theatre never achieved the success that Gallop had hoped for and so it was that in December 1915 the properties were put up for auction under instructions from the mortgagees. The pending auction was reported by the Fremantle Herald, writing: ‘Seldom, if ever, has a property sale of such importance been attempted at the Port.’17
However, it was not a good time to be selling properties and the Daily News reported how ‘[t]here was little competition, there being only two bidders, and the property finally went to Mr William Padbury, who offered £17,000.’18
By the end of 1915 troop ships were regularly coming into and out of Fremantle and in December Perth had its first experience of boisterous behaviour by troops when a number of windows were broken; an experience that prompted the Fremantle columnist of the Sunday Times to record that:
Fremantle has been crammed and crowded with khaki during the past week, but up to the time of writing we haven’t had such disastrous experiences as you have with window breaking larrikins in Perth. The soldiers around here to date have confined their attention to thoroughly and fully enjoying themselves, but beyond going into the pubs and consuming liberal quantities of drinks ‘with Kitchener’, (in other words without payment), they have not offended against the canons of fair dinkum propriety.[19]
It is not known how this free drink was scrounged, but it was an unpopular practice with the Sunday Times recording that, ‘Fremantle publicans do not at all welcome visiting soldiers ‘having one with Kitchener’.’20
While the soldiers continued to be responsible for the occasional ruckus, it seems that the change in opening hours had an early effect on the behaviour of the civilian population for the Sunday Times was able to write:
the nine to nine regulations have been working with satisfactory smoothness, and up to the time of writing there has not, I hear, been as much as a complaint of any publican overstepping the law...you will now find us perfectly dry, albeit Fremantle certainly seems to imbibe enough during the hours the pubs are open.21
Still, trouble with the soldiers was never far way, as was the experience in December 1916 when the Sunday Times reported:
Fremantle does not receive much revenue from the visiting soldiers, as they usually betake themselves to Perth with their spending silver, but if there is any ‘stir’, the port always gets its share of the unpleasantness. As witnessed last Wednesday morning when a mob of the visitors, most of them more or less alcoholically enlivened started to make things merry here.22
After the December troubles, there were no significant reports of soldier troubles until the 31 May 1917 when the behaviour of the troops again caused trouble for the police, the publicans and the public.
This was the usual tale of drinking and fighting with the inspector of police in Fremantle attributing much of the cause of these problems to the publicans:
[w]ho regarded the visits of soldiers as a ‘harvest’ and were out to reap the harvest to the last shilling, utterly regardless to the effect the liquor may have on the sick or the wounded soldiers.23
And another police officer reported how:
[s]everal military officers…asked me to bring their request … of having all hotels in the metro area closed when there are incoming or outgoing troop ships in port.24
As it proved, that was a decision that was taken by the military authorities and soon after the West Australian reported that:
Instructions have been issued to district commandants ... to order the closing at Australian ports of licensed premises ...within such areas, and for such periods, as may be considered necessary on the arrival of hospital ships, or transports from abroad, …. [25]
This new regulation drew a mixed response from the interested parties, but the Fremantle reporter for the Sunday Times saw the new regulation as having some appeal for he wrote:
Down here of late, and for months past, we have had frequent trouble from soldiers who have become intoxicated on landing, and at times serious happenings have been only narrowly averted. Were the pubs closed and the men unable to drink it is claimed that there would be no sign of disorder.
But while the reporter remained cautious about the absolute effectiveness of the regulation, he closed his piece by asking rhetorically, ‘What about the wineshops and the sly groggeries?’ 26
Of course, the publicans could see the threat that this posed to their trade and for a time they suggested that the closures should only come into force in cases of disorder arising, or failing that, to have the licensed hours closed to soldiers only.27
Despite the publicans’ opposition, the regulation stood and the first notice to close the hotels was given on the 24 June 1917 with the West Australian noting how:
The order applied to grocers and wine licenses, and prohibited the serving of soldiers in uniform at clubs, whether they were members or not. The breweries suspended deliveries while the order was in force. The closing order was the first that has been issued under the War Precautions Act, and was accepted with little demur by licensees and the public.28
This closure evidently having the desired effect, for the Town Clerk of Fremantle wrote to the Colonial Secretary saying:
I can assure you that there was a very marked difference in general conduct yesterday when some 500 returned soldiers were granted leave from transports in port. Every effort was made by the ladies to entertain the men by the free distribution of tea, coffee, cakes, fruit etc.29
And while the Sunday Times had been favourably disposed to the closing of the hotels at the beginning of the month, by the end of the month, and after having experienced the first week of hotel closures, its editorial position had changed:
For portion of three days last week the hotels within the metropolitan area, from Fremantle to Midland Junction, inclusive were closed…But while the licensed victuallers were compelled to obey the law, the clubs were allowed to remain wide open as usual, with the result that the members of those clubs and their friends were accorded privileges denied to the general public.
The paper also took the opportunity to attack the sly groggers when it wrote ‘…we would like to know what effort was made to cope with the sly grog shops of which there are scores in both Perth and Fremantle’, the paper then asking rhetorically, ‘Which are the greatest menace to the public we have in our midst? There is not much danger in a properly conducted hotel.’ 30
The Truth also had trouble with the regulation, venting its rage with a front page editorial which stated:
[t]hat the wowsers are making a welter of the European war as a vehicle for pushing their own pet fads on the people is so self evident as to require little stressing...During the past fortnight we have had the unpleasant fact hammered home to us that a District Commandant by a timely stroke of the pen, is able to paralyse the bar pumps and reduce the touring soldier to the status of the aboriginal[sic] by making him a ‘prohibited pusson’ within the meaning of the Act.31
The paper making a more satirical point a fortnight later when it published a cartoon captioned ‘Friends in Misfortune’ which likened the ban on the soldiers to that which applied to the Aboriginal population.[32]
While the publicans as a group were having to deal with the prospects of regularly closing their hotels, Joseph Monaghan was having his own personal troubles. Around this time Monaghan fell foul of the police, the public and the press when he turned away a returned soldier who was seeking accommodation for the night.
The facts in this case were that the soldier, who had lost a leg while fighting in Palestine and who was still getting around on crutches, was found at night lying on the Fremantle bridge after falling and hitting his head. The soldier was later found by two prominent men of Fremantle who after picking him up off the road drove into Fremantle with the objective of finding him accommodation for the night. It was their efforts that brought him to the Orient Hotel.
However, Monaghan was not prepared to make a room available and told the Good Samaritans that he was ‘full up’. On being turned away the Good Samaritans then proceeded to look for other accommodation which was found at the Alhambra wine saloon and rooms. The next day they reported the matter to the police who, on making enquiries, found that Monaghan had no fewer than nine bedrooms empty at that time.
Consequently, he was charged with failing to provide accommodation, but this was dismissed under some technicality applying to the War Precautions Act. However, it was a very unpopular decision, and the Sunday Times was scathing in its attack on Monaghan when it wrote:
There are too many of the Monaghan type in our midst only ready by an action such as this to cast a slur on the name of the returned soldier…It is no wonder that recruitment suffers when cavalier treatment of this kind can be meted out without impunity to a man who has done his bit. As for Monaghan, we have too great a contempt for his action to express in words.33
In the meantime, the closure of Fremantle hotels was starting to impact on their trade and in August 1917 the Sunday Times wrote:
A lot of people are asking why Fremantle should be treated differently to Perth in regard to the provision for the closing of pubs. Only recently a vessel containing wounded...put into the port, and the pubs were immediately closed by order.
With the article going on to say:
But the men simply trooped up to Perth and there they found that the pubs were waiting with open bars to receive them. When first the order was brought into force the regulation was applied to all pubs from Fremantle to Midland Junction. In this last instance apparently only Fremantle and surroundings were singled out. Why? 34
The question was taken up by the Fremantle Council and a week later the Sunday Times reported, ‘It is understood in future that Perth and Fremantle will be treated alike in this respect. And quite right too.’35
Thereafter, things stayed quiet for the next few months but it was too much to expect they would stay that way and so in April 1918, the West Australian told how:
Scenes of a disorderly nature were witnessed at Fremantle on Saturday night when a number of returned wounded soldiers … broke leave, and indulged in riotous behaviour. ... Nothing of an untoward nature occurred until the hotels had been closed, when a number of the men commenced fighting amongst themselves. Before leaving the hotels some of the men secured a supply of liquor, and this was consumed in the streets.36
Although the soldiers caused trouble whenever they had the opportunity to do so, it seems that the rest of Fremantle had lost some of its verve because, with the regular closing of the hotels, it was not only the soldiers who were not being served, but also the locals. Throughout 1918 the Sunday Times regularly commented on how well behaved, yet how boring the town had become.37 In fact, at another time it even suggested that the townspeople were now so well behaved that there was no work for the legal profession.38 The paper also noting how dry the town had become, stating, ‘The temperance people should be proud of Fremantle’s control of local traffic.’39 However, its best description of the town may have been when it wrote:
[p]oor neglected old Port – Wanted a ‘Cheer up Society’, or some such progressive institution for Fremantle. There’s about as much life in the place at present as in the froth of yesterday’s beer.’40
The publicans’ problems did not end with the Armistice on the 11 November 1918, for this only meant that Fremantle would be receiving a larger and, perhaps more boisterous, number of men into the port. Thus, in December the military commandant took the opportunity to address the metropolitan publicans who he advised, ‘[a]lthough the War is over I will still have to arrange to stop soldiers getting hold of liquor’. Adding, ‘[s]o far as the law is concerned, it is likely to be continued, until necessary, but I hope it will be reduced to a minimum.’ The commandant concluding by saying, ‘I do not think I will be your instrument of torture much longer…’41
This message was not what the publicans wanted to hear, for it was their belief that the closure of the hotels had already brought financial ruin to many publicans and if they continued to be closed with as much regularity in 1919, as they had during 1918, then many more publicans would face bankruptcy.
Not that the military prohibition on drinking applied solely to the hotels. The regulation was far more intrusive than that, for it even prohibited a soldier, subject to his military rank, from accepting the hospitality of friends and families. The West Australian reminding its readers of this regulation when it wrote:
It is an offence for any person whatever to supply intoxicating liquor to any member of the naval and military force, or a member of a convalescent home or camp undergoing medical treatment, or who is returning from service abroad. 42
Throughout the first half of 1919 all the publicans in the metropolitan area were subject to the same hotel closing restrictions, but in June 1919 there was relaxation to the restrictions when the military commandant advised that he had:
received directions... that in future hotels are not to be closed in Fremantle or elsewhere when transports arriving at Fremantle carrying West Australian troops only. When other troops are carried hotels at Fremantle only are to be closed.
With the proviso that:
Hotelkeepers at other centres are to be warned that if unsatisfactory reports are received concerning any particular hotel it will be closed, and not reopened without express authority from headquarters. 43
However, as experience had shown, the soldiers could never be relied upon to be on their best behaviour when they were given the right to drink and so this was once again experienced in Perth within days of the prohibition being relaxed.
For once the Fremantle publicans and the temperance movement were on the same side. After a number of ugly incidents in the streets of Perth, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union announced that they would be sending the following message to the Acting Minister for Defence, viz:
We women of Western Australia desire to enter a most emphatic protest against the new directions … in regard to the closing of bars when transports arrive at Fremantle. According to these directions hotel bars at Fremantle only are to be closed, a rather farcical proceeding, when a question of an hour’s run by train or motor will bring anyone who wishes to liquor bars in other places. ... The scenes witnessed on Monday last in the streets of Perth and at the railway station were beyond description...44
Despite the joint protests of the Fremantle publicans and the WCTU, nothing was done to repeal the June regulation and so the Perth publicans enjoyed a good few weeks of unrestricted hotel trade. However, in August a number of matters conspired to again place this matter on the public agenda for while the war had finished in November 1918, there had not yet been any formal peace celebrations to mark the end of the War. Subsequently, those celebrations were set for the weekend of the 2 August 1919 with a public holiday to be observed on Monday, 4 August. To promote the importance of the occasion free trains were put on to run between Fremantle and Perth. While the Fremantle publicans were not allowed to trade at all, the troops were actively encouraged to travel into Perth and drink without restriction.
That experience was the first of a number of incidents that aggravated the Fremantle publicans as the Peace Celebrations were an event of great importance, August was a busy time for prominent visitors to be calling at the port including the Prime Minister, Mr Billy Hughes, the Acting Prime Minister, Mr Walter Watt, and the Minister for the Navy, Sir Joseph Cook. It was also the month which saw one of the biggest landings of returned soldiers with the simultaneous arrival of two transports, the Karmala and Windhuk. Both the politicians and the visiting troopships were to be warmly welcomed by the people of Fremantle, but as fate would have it, circumstances were to clash resulting in a change to the trading hours of the metropolitan hotels.
The troopships were the first to arrive and the West Australian reported on their arrival:
The transports Karmala and Windhuk arrived at Fremantle yesterday and about 200 troops for Western Australia were landed…There were about two thousand Easterners on the two troopships. These were granted leave during the day, and most of them remained in the Port...All the hotels were closed by military order at the Port, and the men appeared to enjoy themselves thoroughly without the stimulus of intoxicants. In the evening as they wended their way across the railway bridge, returning to their ships, almost every man carried a parcel of fruit for himself, or a bulging package of presents for those who are anxiously awaiting the arrival of the quota in the East.45
However, before they left their visit was to again be the cause of ill will between the publicans of Perth and Fremantle. Unfortunately, the Windhuk was delayed in sailing and was forced to stay in port for a few extra days during which time free trains were again put on for the benefit of the soldiers, a great inducement to the men to go into Perth and enjoy the unrestricted hospitality of the Perth publicans.
This was too much for the Fremantle publicans who soon after arranged a meeting to be held at the Fremantle Trades Hall; convened under the chairmanship of Joseph Monaghan. It was agreed that they would send a telegram of protest to the acting minister of defence. This telegram in part reading:
The Fremantle hotelkeepers consider they are labouring under a gross injustice by opening hotels in Perth, and closing in Fremantle. The hotels are closed, presumably for the protection of the soldier; yet special trains are supplied to convey soldiers to Perth, where the hotels are open, while closed in Fremantle…As an example of hardship, the SS Windhuk is delayed in Fremantle for four days during which time Fremantle hotels are penalised by being closed, which spells ruin.46
While the Mayor of Fremantle supported them, these protests may not have been enough if it were not for the high-powered visitors who had arrived in Fremantle just after the trading fiasco of the Windhuk. This gave the Fremantle publicans the opportunity to make their protest to the highest ranking men in Australia.
The publicans’ protests to the politicians had an immediate effect, for within days of their visit to Fremantle, a new regulation was issued where again the Perth hotels were obliged to close, (as they still were in Fremantle). As the West Australian reported, the new regulation:
differs in an important respect from orders hitherto issued in that hotels and clubs are permitted to be open for limited trading for two periods of one hour each, namely between half past 12 and half past 1 in the middle of the day and between half-past 5 and half-past 6 in the evening. Intoxicating liquor may be sold or supplied only during these periods for consumption on and actually consumed upon the premises where obtained. The sale of bottled liquor is strictly prohibited, and it is announced that the military authorities will take drastic action with respect to any contravention of the order in this direction.
The paper closing the article by writing:
The military authorities hope that with the co-operation of the licensees generally the results of permitting limited opening of hotels... will be such as to render unnecessary a return to the method of closure with its unavoidable inconvenience to the public generally. 47
So, after a period of just two months in which the Perth hotels made the most of their unfettered restrictions on trade, all the hotels in the metropolitan area were again subject to the same trading hours. With a common regulation now being applied to all hotels not much more was written by the papers on the closing of the hotels. With the passage of time, fewer and fewer troopships were coming back to Australia and the last closure that was required by the military was on the 28 January 1920.48
The trading worries of the war were finally over, but the publicans had no reason to be optimistic about the future. They knew that the 1911 Licensing Act required the government to again look at the questions of local option, or prohibition, and the cause of the prohibitionists was helped by the fact that Prohibition had come into operation in the United States from the beginning of 1920.
There was to be no respite for the Fremantle publicans and while they had fought hard to survive during the war, the 1920s was to be an even more difficult time for them. While all of Fremantle’s hotels had managed to stay open during the War years, the same could not be said for the 1920’s. Fremantle Studies Day, 2018
References
1 Daily News, 5 August 1914, p.8.
2 Truth, 8 August 1914, p.9.
3 C de Mori, Time, Gentlemen, Western Australian Hotels Association, Perth, 1984, p96. See WA Sportsman, 21 August 1914
4 Sunday Times, 13 December 1914, p
5 C de Mori, C, Time, Gentlemen, Western Australian Hotels Association, Perth, 1984, p.96.
6 ibid, p.96.
7 Sunday Times, 11 October 1914, p.
8 C de Mori, Time, Gentlemen, Western Australian Hotels Aociation, Perth, 1984, p.163.
9 Sunday Times, 1 November 1914, p.1.
10 Truth, 26 June 1915, p.4.
11 West Australian, 25 August 1915, p.6.
12 Sunday Times, 12 September 1915, p
13 Truth, 4 September 1915, p.5.
14 ‘Port Paragraphs’, Sunday Times, 12 September 1915, p
15 Sunday Times, 10 October 1915, p.8.
16 Truth, 6 November 1915, p.5.
17 Fremantle Herald, 3 December 1915, p.4.
18 Daily News, 10 December 1915, p.8.
19 Sunday Times, 2 January 1916, p.15 .
20 ibid
21 ibidCommentHighlight
27Allen Graham
22 Sunday Times, 10 December 1916, p.13.
23 C de Mori, Time, Gentlemen, Western Australian Hotels Association, Perth, 1984, p.98.
24 ibid
25 West Australian, 31 May 1917, p.7.
26 Sunday Times, 3 June 1917, p.16.
27 C de Mori, op cit, p.98.
28 West Australian, 26 June 1917, p.4.
29 C de Mori, Time, Gentlemen, Western Australian Hotels Association, Perth, 1984, p.99.
30 Sunday Times, 1 July 1917, p.2.
31 Truth, 7 July 1917, p.1.
32 Truth, 21 July 1917, p.1.
33 Sunday Times, 19 August 1917, p.1.
34 ibid
35 Sunday Times, 26 August 1917, p.16.
36 West Australian, 9 April 1918, p.4.
37 Sunday Times, 3 March 1918, p.9.
38 Sunday Times, 14 July 1918, p.10.
39 Sunday Times, 21 April 1918, p.12.
40 Sunday Times, 31 March 1918, p.13.
41 C de Mori, Time, Gentlemen, Western Australian Hotels Association, Perth, 1984, p.101.
42 West Australian, 5 February 1919, p.6.
43 West Australian, 21 June 1919, p.6.
44 West Australian, 30 June 1919, p.6.
45 West Australian, 9 August 1919, p.7.
46 Fremantle Times, 15 August 1919, p.2.
47 West Australian, 29 August 1919, p.7.
48 West Australian, 28 January 1920, p.1.
Further note: There was one more arrival of troops in February 1920, but no closures were imposed at that time and the Daily News of 14 February 1920 recorded that the HMAT Cap Verde would be the last official transport to call at Fremantle.