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Calyute
ADB:
Calyute (flourished 1833-1840), Aboriginal resistance leader, also known as Kalyute, Galyute or Wongir, was a man of the Pinjareb group, then known as the Murray River tribe, about 60 miles (100 km) south of Perth. Nothing is known of him before 1833. His brothers Woodan (also known as Jungil) and Yanmar are recorded and he had at least two wives, Mindup and Yamup, and two sons Ninia and Monang.
In December 1833 a dispute between the Murray people and those of the Swan River district was resolved at a corroboree that restored to the former a right of access for ceremonies and kinship visits. These visits, beginning in February 1834, led to conflict with British settlers when the visiting Aborigines' dogs killed stock. In one stand-off, a soldier held a musket to the tall, imposing Calyute's side while the latter's spear was pressed to the soldier's chest. Such incidents renewed the rift between the Aborigines of the two regions, forcing a duel between Calyute and a Swan River man Yaloot in which both were wounded.
On 24 April 1834 some twenty to thirty Murray men and women, led by Calyute, besieged a flour mill within sight of Perth, threatened the miller George Shenton, and stole a large quantity of flour. Swan River men identified Calyute, Yedong, Monang, Wamba and Gummol as the leaders of the raid, the reasons for which are unknown. Although Calyute's territory fell partially within the 250,000 acres (101,000 ha) granted to entrepreneur Thomas Peel, the traditional owners had not yet been physically dispossessed by settlers and their stock and were able to hunt, gather and fish with little interference.
Several days later, Captain T. T. Ellis, the superintendent of the mounted police, and a detachment of troopers captured Calyute, Yedong and Monang. During the struggle Calyute was bayoneted and the others wounded by gunfire. They were taken to Perth where, despite their injuries, they were flogged in the main street, Calyute receiving sixty lashes. As the raiders' ringleader, he was confined at Fremantle prison until 10 June 1834. His organization of Aboriginal resistance to white settlers, however, continued.
Next month he, Yedong and seventeen others killed Private Hugh Nesbitt and wounded a former sergeant Edward Barron in an ambush at Peel's property in the Murray district. Settlers' concerns at the increase in hostilities in the region led to the decision by the governor Sir James Stirling to punish Calyute's clan. With the surveyor-general J. S. Roe, Stirling assembled an armed party of twenty-five, including soldiers of the 21st Regiment, mounted police and civilians, at Mandurah on 27 October. Next morning, at about 8 a.m., the Murray camp—with an estimated eighty men, women and children—was found on the west bank of the Murray River, south of the present town of Pinjarra. Stirling and fourteen others lined the east bank. Armed men commanded the fords above and below the position. Ellis, Captain Norcott and three troopers rode into the camp looking for the wanted men. In the melée that followed at least five Aborigines were killed and the others—men, women and children—retreated to the river, then about 100 ft (30 m) wide, with sloping wooded banks, where they came under gunfire. In the 'Battle of Pinjarra', a soldier was speared in the arm and Ellis was mortally injured; he died on 11 November. The Aboriginal dead were never counted and estimates vary between eleven and fifty. The official report by Stirling put the toll at fourteen. Calyute and Yedong escaped, but Calyute's son Ninia was killed and his younger wife Yamup, her leg shattered by a shot, died soon after.
The survivors retreated south-west to Lake Clifton. Calyute's name did not appear on the census conducted by Francis Armstrong in 1837, but was recorded again in May 1840 when, with others from the Murray, he attacked an Aboriginal camp near Perth, spearing five people. Yedong was accidentally shot at the Murray in 1838 but there is no record of Calyute after 1840 or of his death, although he reputedly survived into old age.
van den Berg [?]:
The Murray River region was always rich in wildlife and edible vegetation, which is why the Aborigines of the region gathered there. According to Green, the Binjareb was the name of the local group of Aborigines who inhabited this area. One of the leaders was Calyute, a fierce and warlike warrior who disliked the whites coming to his territory and taking over ownership of the land. His resistance caused terror to the settlers. However, before colonisation began, the Nyoongah people of the Pinjarra area adhered to the traditional lifestyle they practised. They were semi-nomadic, yet kept to their own haunts. As they moved from area to area, they built mia mias for shelter from inclement weather or for privacy. Their needs were simple as they roamed the waterways or bush in search of food, which was in plentiful supply for most of the year. They were lucky; the country comprising the Murray River basin was rich in food sources. ... Rosemary Van den Berg, 'Changing Years', Span, Journal of the South Pacific Assoc for Cwlth Lit and Language Studies, Number 37, 1993. [This mysterious document was written by a Noongar man, and not the 'author' mentioned above the article in the journal.]
References and Links
Green, Neville 1981, 'Aborigines and white settlers in the nineteenth century', in Tom Stannage ed., A New History of Western Australia, UWAP: 82-85.
Green, Neville 1984, Broken Spears: Aboriginals and Europeans in the Southwest of Australia, Focus Education Services, Cottesloe, WA.
Green, Neville 2005, 'Calyute (?–?)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
Hallam, Sylvia & Lois Tilbrook 1990, Aborigines of the Southwest Region 1829-1840, UWAP.
Hasluck, Alexandra 1965, Thomas Peel of Swan River, OUP, Melbourne: 149, 153, 156, 160-163.
Moore, George Fletcher 2006, The Millendon Memoirs: George Fletcher Moore's Western Australian Diaries and Letters, 1830-1841, ed. J.M.R. Cameron, Hesperion Press: 319, 366.
Richards, Ronald 1978, The Murray District of Western Australia: A History, Shire of Murray.
Richards, Ronald 1980, Mandurah and the Murray: A Short History of the Old Murray District of Western Australia 1829-1900, privately published.
Van den Berg, Rosemary 1993, 'Changing Years', Span, Journal of the South Pacific Assoc for Cwlth Lit and Language Studies, Number 37.
The Battle of Pinjarra, 1834:
1. Ilbery, Mrs E. S. 1927, 'The passing of the Bibbulmun', Early Days, vol. 1, part 1: 24-30.
2. Grose, Mrs J. E. 1927, 'The background to the encounter', Early Days, vol. 1, part 1: 30-35.
3. Battye, Dr. J. S. 1927, 'The official records of the encounter', Early Days, vol. 1, part 1: 35-37.
Wikipedia article.
This page incorporates material from Garry Gillard's Freotopia website, that he started in 2014 and the contents of which he donated to Wikimedia Australia in 2024. The content was originally created on 26 June, 2015 and hosted at freotopia.org/people/calyute.html (it was last updated on 12 May, 2024), and has been edited since it was imported here (see page history). The donated data is also preserved in the Internet Archive's collection.