Earlydays/7/joske.html

[[Earlydays/index.html|File:Freotopia earlydays .. img banner.jpg]]

Fremantle Stuff > Early Days: Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Western Australian Historical Society

Captain Graham: colonist and coroner of Fremantle

E. J. P. Joske

Joske, E. J. P. 1974, 'Captain Graham: colonist and coroner of Fremantle', Early Days, vol. 7, part 6: 48-59.

The experiences of Captain Graham, one of our earliest immigrants, are indicative of life in a small, remote and circumscribed community. His career in Fremantle demonstrates the effect of one disruptive personality in both official and private circles. His personal characteristics were not endearing: the Governor must have been irritated by Graham’s endless and sometimes trivial complaints, and his fellow settlers were antagonised to a remarkable degree. As a partner and sometime friend of solicitor, William N. Clarke, Graham was intimately involved in the crosscurrents of Fremantle society, where lawsuits, controversies and scandals followed in his wake. Today he might be diagnosed as a pathological liar, suffering from delusions of grandeur.

William Temple Graham and his wife arrived at Fremantle on the “Warrior” on 12 March, 1830. The Captain, late of the Royal Africa Corps, apparently decided to make use of his military experiences, as he advised his fellow male passengers to practice drilling under his supervision, in preparation for the hazards to come. [1] His army career was stated in a letter to the Governor. 2 He had purchased a commission twenty-four years previously and entered the Duke of Kent’s regiment. Special permission was granted for this enrolment, as his own father had been killed on active service. Graham professed to have been present at thirteen battles and to have been wounded seven times. A former commandant of the colony of Sierra Leone, Graham was forced to leave this through ill health. Following his recovery in England he insisted that the Lieutenant Governorship of Sierra Leone had been pressed upon him, which, he stated, he declined. Nevertheless, some writers erroneously refer to Graham as “one time Governor of Sierra Leone”. 3

50

Graham's self-confessed motive in emigrating to Western Australia was “to relieve himself of the expenses of three grown boys" by his first wife. He professed to own houses and land worth £500 yearly in the county and City of Dublin. He thought this sum would be doubled on the death of his mother. Other claims included a near relationship to the Duke of Montrose and Bedford, and the possible reinstatement of “a dormant Peerage” in his favour. 4

By April of 1830, Graham and his wife were settled on a villa grant near Fremantle, 5 and although not qualified as a legal practitioner, 6 he was appointed as Coroner to the port by the Governor in July. The same office was held in Perth by Messrs. Mackie and Wittenoom. Graham’s post carried no salary, beyond expenses for stationery, travelling and two guineas for personal attendance at inquests. 7 Some of these incidents are of interest, as indicative of contemporary morbidity rates.

Three inquests were held in the years of 1830/32 on persons drowned at Fremantle. One body, drowned simultaneously with that of a seaman from the “Rockingham”, was never recovered. 8 A lunatic of unsound mind threw himself from the rocks at Fremantle, 9, which precipitated a request by Graham that a contract be drawn up for emergency burial of paupers, as the current private costs of coffins were exorbitant. 10

Another inquest was held on the body of E. Entwistle, murdered by natives at Point Walter. He was killed almost on the doorstep of his home, and in sight of his two small sons. 11 This case caused Graham to plead the cause of jurors pay, as the complement of labouring men had to travel long distances to serve, thus losing several days’ pay. Compensation was under consideration by the local government. 12

In September, 1830, the drowning of Dr. John Whately and John Styan occurred. The jury reached the verdict of accidental drowning at Swan River ... “with a cow in a boat too small for the safe transport for such a Burthen”. Nine witnesses were called, including the local medical practitioner, Dr. Thomas Harrison. Graham suggested that measures be taken by the authorities to prevent such incidents in the future. 13

A gaol sentence was passed on Titus Ware, who shot a fellow settler in the face. Ware was placed under a charge of homicide and imprisoned in the local gaol. 14 Four inmates of the Fremantle prison died in 1831. Verdicts reached were “Visitation of God in a Natural way and not otherwise”. Another prisoner whose death brought the same verdict had been kept in gaol overnight on a charge of larceny. He had not been given blankets or bedclothes and was left unattended, the jailer sleeping elsewhere. Dr. Harrison protested that he had several times requested that bedding for prisoners be provided and that the gaol was very deficient in medical comforts of any sort. Graham added that the gaol was in a deplorable state from exposure to the weather and general insecurity. 15

Meanwhile, after a few months in office, Graham wrote in 1830 to the Governor complaining that he and his six-years married second wife were the subjects of gossip in the colony. Their names were bandied round as an

51

object of conversation and ... “imputations, deeply affecting the Honour and Peace of the parties, were freely discussed at certain scandal parties at Perth and Elsewhere”16. He concluded these were due to envy, and addressed himself to His Excellency in the hopes that the “primitive authors” of these slanders would be punished, and held up . . . “to public view and scorn”. As he himself had moved in the best society in England and Sierra Leone, he little imagined that he would be subject to such abuse in Western Australia. By “mere accident” he happened to have copies of testimonials which he forwarded to His Excellency. Among these were one from a . . . “Mrs. Wood, widow of Colonel Wood, a Lady moving in the very first grade and possessed of a large fortune both in England and Jamaica, proving the esteem in which Mrs. Graham was held by her conduct and manners on all occasions”. Another letter was from the Governor of Sierra Leone, and a third from a missionary ... “a man of scrupulous integrity”. Although Graham had considered on emigration that it was not necessary to “encumber with what I looked upon as useless — a voluminous correspondence and memorandums”, he included a further three letters, with the promise of others should His Excellency require further evidence. The gist was that he had “ever borne a taintless character” and performed all duties to his superiors’ satisfaction. He was only seeking for truth and justice, both of which he felt sure would be forthcoming from the Governor’s “kind and Gentlemanly feeling”. On local matters, Graham added:

It unfortunately happens that scandal has found its way into this colony to an astonishing degree, it has been the destruction and dispersion of many societies. Mrs. Graham and myself have one particular object in view, perfect retirement. We court not the society of anyone, we are content with our small circle of friends, and we do not intend to increase them. 17

The reply from the Governor was very judicious. He expressed regret at the pain which the “malicious and slanderous reports” must have caused both Captain and Mrs. Graham, but as the nature of these slanders or their authors had not been mentioned, he could not be more specific. His own opinion of Graham might be conjectured, he wrote, from the way in which the Captain’s “views and wishes” had been promoted. 18

A further grievance noted by Graham was that the office of Coroner carried no stipend. He thought that duty called for . . . “a suitable appearance, for the Honour of the Government as well as the dignity of a Magistrate” and had already expended a considerable sum towards the desired affect. His duties included not only satisfying the public in cases of violent or suspicious death, but in passing local sentences in the Coroner's Court, which saved delay in awaiting Quarter Sessions, and the necessity of calling a Grand Jury. Coroners in other Australian colonies were granted a handsome salary and considerable benefits; these, Graham wrote, could well be applicable in Western Australia, as a reward for the considerable trouble, responsibility and anxiety incumbent of that office. His present capital was dwindling, and he saw no prospect of ever leaving Western Australia if he

52

were not recompensed. 19 However, the reply made clear to Graham that he held office only with the full understanding that he was to be paid by fee not salary.

Three official complaints were filed against Graham in 1831. A Mr. Meares, tenant of a house under a monthly lease, stated to the Colonial Secretary that Graham and fellow Magistrate Mackie, had entered his house and told him he must vacate it almost immediately. Meares later called upon Graham to ask for a delay and was told that he would be “kicked out of possession”. Meares felt that in his judgement, and that “of every Gentleman in the Colony, both magistrates had exceeded the bounds of duty, and that Graham, in particular, seemed to be forming ... “a new Code of Justice and Manners (but Colonial only, I hope)” and of vindictive conduct in any person supposed to possess the rank and feeling of a gentleman. A note, written by Graham, was enclosed to the Colonial Secretary, in which Meares was informed that he must move before next Saturday, or the Captain would proceed to “knock down the house on Monday morning under any circumstances”. 20

Fellow Fremantle magistrates, Leake, Henty and Bannister next accused Graham of “sowing . . . dissention, distrust and party feeling” at the port. Graham alleged this a falsehood, as, he reiterated in reply “I hold little intercourse with the inhabitants of Fremantle or its neighbourhood”. 21 He further stated that he had never complained to His Excellency . . . reflecting on the characters of the Gentlemen in question as Magistrates, nor did I ever state that they actually refused to sit on the Bench with me ... I may err in judgement, but I will be second to none (however disagreeable to some party’s) (sic) in faithful and zealous discharge of my duties. However my Enemies may conspire in their Closets to put me down. 22

It appeared that Graham was having difficulty in finding jurors to serve with the Coroner’s Court, owing to the example set by ’’one or two prominent characters in Fremantle”, and that it would be impossible to obtain a full jury unless his authority could be enforced. 23

The first charge was apparently dismissed, and Graham wrote to His Excellency in May that in spite of difficulties, he had been carrying on the public business and nothing had been “impeded or delayed”. He also expressed grattiude to the Governor for sending documents which proved that the charges (presumably those of Meares) were false. 24

The three Magistrates however, sent the following letter to Governor Stirling on 30 May:

You express your intention of reserving your decision on the case between ourselves and Captain Graham until the charge made by us against that Gentleman be more fully substantiated or abandoned . . . it is quite clear that Captain Graham did speak of us to Mr. Brown (Government Resident at Fremantle) in an unwarrantable manner without having the slightest grounds or authority for so doing, therefore we cannot either sit or act with Captain Graham as magistrates in future.

53

The letter was signed by Leake, Henty and Bannister. 25

Graham then informed His Excellency that he was going to make a public statement about the current reports on his conduct “industriously put in circulation in as many forms as malice can invent”. 26 No reference to this statement could be found in the records of the Colonial Secretary’s Office.

Graham was forced to resign office over the third complaint laid against him. Mr. G. Williams alleged illegal trespass on his property under a warrant issued by the Captain. Governor Stirling asked Graham for an explanation. 27 Graham admitted the issue of the warrant. This was done to repossess goods distrained for rent, the property of Mr. Forbes. There were several reasons for acting as he had — the case was urgent; as Coroner he was representative of the Sheriff; as an act of humanity which had been avoided by other magistrates. Mrs. Forbes had repeatedly implored the Williams family to send some baby linen when she was in labour, and only got “unfeeling and barbarous abuse” in reply. The detention of wearing apparel was considered by Graham to be illegal. 28 “Mrs. Forbes and her child would have perished if I had not interfered”, he wrote.

Despite this heart-rending story, the Colonial Secretary was authorised to write to Mr. Williams at Fremantle, suggesting that he make an application for redress of his grievance to the magistrates, and informing him that Captain Graham had been dismissed as Coroner and Justice of the Peace in Western Australia. 29

Graham was informed by the Colonial Secretary’s Office that the Governor, seeing in his letter,

... a determination to persist in an erroneous view of your office and its duties notwithstanding the Lieutenant Governor’s intimation conveyed to you ... it would be highly injudicious and improper to entrust you with the further exercise of authority. 30

He hurried to discuss his position with the Colonial Secretary. This conversation was reported a few days later to His Excellency who revoked his dismissal, provided that a written acknowledgement would remove the impression . . . “that by acting as Sheriff substitute, after the receipt of a letter conveying contrary instructions you had intentionally acted in opposition to His Excellency’s command”. 31 Letters from Graham arrived at the Colonial Secretary’s Office carrying abject apologies to the Governor:

If I committed an error contrary to your views, my memory alone is at fault . . . without looking to restoration of office I at once felt sensible of my unthoughtful error and did not feel ashamed to confess it. Whatever my enemy’s (sic) may say . . . may it please your Excellency that no inducement would make me offend Your Excellency even in thought and that I would commit personal violence on anyone who dared to do so in my presence. 32

Wiliams was offered a sum of money to settle the case out of court, and Graham paid the sum of £13 as reparation. 33 He was then reinstated as

54

Coroner, but the news that he had not been reappointed as a Justice of the Peace rankled. He wrote again to the Governor:

I cannot reconcile it to my mind that this was His excellency's intention. My opinion is that he would do the thing Graciously and handsomely or not (at all?) 1 shall not avail myself of the office of Coroner until I have the Honour of hearing from you. 34

There was competition for the vacant office, and Dr. Lyttleton, an Assistant Surgeon with the Medical Department, wrote applying for the post as Coroner . . . “as it is my own conviction that the individual holding such an office should possess knowledge of anatomy” 35 (This view is still held among modern medical men). However, Lyttleton was refused, and Graham once again acted as Coroner in Fremantle. No record was found indicating that he was reinstated as a Justice of the Peace.

Graham was soon complaining again. Two members of a jury, called to attend an inquest, refused to serve under him — “One gave a speech and endeavoured to prevent the Jury from sitting on the grounds that my Appointment, or rather, reappointment, was not notified to HIM”. 36 Both jurors declared they were not sick, and thus had no excuse for not fulfilling their duty. Graham fined each £50. A Governmental notice was to be placed in the West Australian* to notify the public of Graham’s official position. 37

*A short lived newspaper, published by W. N. Clarke, Thomas Yule, William Temple Graham and G. Johnson; the participants in the Fremantle Duel of 1832. See Uren, op clt, p. 153.

Although Graham had no legal training, he apparently knew some forms of law, and insisted on his rights. 38 During 1831, he claimed £155 from the Government, the cost of a sea passage to Western Australia for his servant, Ann Few. She intended leaving the colony, and had left Graham’s service, thus breaking her articles. He demanded that she not be allowed to leave until his claim was settled. 39

A letter in the first printed newspaper in the colony, the Fremantle Observer, Perth Gazette and West Australian Journal of 7 June, 1831, contained a complaint from Graham: natives had been seen near his home when only women were present. His sentiments about lack of protection from native intrusions were forcibly written.

A warrant for Thomas Peel’s arrest was placed with Graham "in a very formal way" by a Mr. Dannage, to whom Peel owed £500. Graham, for once frightened of exceeding his duties, asked for official advice, enclosing the document from Dannage. 40

Routine accounts of inquests held before Graham were found in the correspondence until 18 April, 1832, when he resigned as Coroner. The Colonial Secretary, in accepting this decision, wrote that it would be necessary for the accounts of the department to be assessed as soon as possible and placed in the hands of the Acting Treasurer. These accounts are to be found in a ledger of 183641. By then Graham still owed £76/2/6 to

55

the Government. He had charged double ices in one case, and excess stationery had been expressly disallowed by the Governor. A note on the ledger stated that the sum had never been paid, and asked if steps had been taken towards its recovery. It is doubtful if the sum was ever reduced by Graham.

Graham’s letter of resignation to the Governor included a long (eight-page) memorial. The letter is very hard to decipher, but contained references to the "great pecuniary distress” suffered by the Captain, although mention is made again of the property in Dublin. The reason for his resignation, he stated, was . . . “conceiving that perhaps Your Excellency disapproved of the memoralist” (himself) holding that office. 42

In August, 1832, Graham was involved in the famous Fremantle Duel, between Clarke and Johnson. This took place at the back of Richmond House, Graham’s residence. Graham acted as Clarke’s second, and when committed for trial with Clarke on a charge of murder, gave a spirited defence of duelling. The charge was changed to manslaughter, and both were acquitted, although Johnson, wounded in the duel had died the next day. 43 An account of the duel appeared in the West Australian Colonial News, in the first copy of Wednesday, 3 January 1833. The sole publisher and proprietor of this paper was W. T. Graham. Perhaps he thought this the only way in which he could freely air his views. The paper, a weekly, was short-lived, but Graham was the author of the first book published in Western Australia, Trial for Libel. This was printed at his office. 44

Not abashed by his participation in a murder charge, Graham asked in 1833 if his request to act as a Notary Public in the colony could be sanctioned. 45 During this year, he asked the Government to bring a suit against Mr. Leake, so old enmities were not forgotten. 48 A grant of land on “behalf of services rendered in the Army” was requested in 1834, but he was informed that reference to an order of the Horse Guards, 24 February, 1831, would answer this query. 47 A further application in 1834 to practice as a “Solicitor, Attorney and Proctor” was also refused. By this time, even Graham was beginning to feel . . . “with sorrow and regret that I have un-warrantedly offended His Excellency”. 48

An application for assistance from the local government brought this plea: “May I humbly ask is there to be NO MERCY for me, am I to be overwhelmingly DAM’D in Your Excellency’s estimation although I offer everything at the Shrine of Repentance?”. Assistance was again asked for in 1835, or remission of purchase money on lands on acconut of Military Service. 48 Both these requests went unanswered.

Another memorial was sent to the Governor in 1836. In that year, Graham received permission to settle in Western Australia and offered his services to the Government as a Practitioner in Court, 50 Failing this, on hearing that the office of Coroner was to be revived, he again applied, stating:

I trust I am not guilty of Egotism when I state that I believe there is no one in the Colony better acquainted with the Nature and Duties of the office than myself. 81

56

Although willing to accept the post without salary, he was told that the Government had no intention of filling the office but if so, Graham's application would be considered. He did however, make a similar request again in 1838, 52 and was informed that if the office were to be revived, “his previous performance of the duties was sufficient reason for giving him the preference".

Financial affairs could not have been too stringent, as Captain Graham purchased blocks of land in Perth in 1838 and 1839 although his assets only entitled him to purchase 117 acres elsewhere. 53 He then wrote a memorial to England, claiming more land on the grounds that he had omitted to mention some property he had imported, on his schedule but this was refused. 54

Some explanation of the official attitude towards Graham is found in the “Observations” column in the Colonial Secretary’s Office. Correspondence in reply to a letter from Graham in 1839 asking for back payment for his two-year service as Coroner in 1830-32. The comment made on his further applications as Coroner in 1837 and 1838 was made by the Colonial Secretary, “At that time Mr. Graham was conducting himself with great propriety and had not taken Mrs. Clarke to live with him”. 55

Mrs. Clarke was the wife of solicitor and erstwhile friend of Graham’s, W. N. Clarke, on whose behalf Graham claimed allotments disposed of by her estranged husband. 56 It may have been on this occasion that Clarke won the legal decision, Graham being fined £2 for contempt of court and gaoled for one week. This arrangement would cause a stir in the small society of Fremantle and Perth in the 1830’s, and the disapproval of the local authorities is understandable. The Colonial Secretary obviously had no regrets about refusal of further official posts, and wrote “He has only himself to blame”. His life was not as virtuous as his protestations to the Governor would have led His Excellency to suppose. (What happened to the well-conducted Mrs. Graham is not known).

His fellow colonist feelings towards Graham may be deduced from another episode. At some unspecified date, a Mrs. Collins publicly horsewhipped Graham in the street, and was fined 50/-. She placed a notice in the Perth Gazette, thanking the gentlemen of Perth who contributed handsomely to pay the sum stipulated for whipping “OLD GRAHAM”. 52

Graham died in Perth on 28 June, 1841, aged about 46. The cause of death was given as “Fistula in the abdomen” and he was buried by the Rev. Wittenoom. 58

The repeated requests for money and the financial strait reported by him do not accord with the dreams of pretentions to the Peerage or with the possession of landed estates in Dublin. Graham may perhaps be forgiven for trying to cut a dash in a new venture, but his peppery and abusive nature did not allow his personal idiosyncracies to be forgiven.

The economic background to this personal history can be conjectured from contemporary comments. In 1830 an observer wrote of the Swan River Colony:

57

Those who have an income from one to two hundred a year for the next four or five years, provided the season shall be propitious, may make it answer well but those who have nothing coming in must fail... I would advise no one to come out till two or three years, when we may send better accounts. 59

This was sound advice. Some capitalists left Western Australia for other settlements on the east coast, in search of good land and an adequate labour force. It was harder for those forced to stay like Graham through inertia, lack of capital, or sheer dogged optimism. A depression in 1831 had resulted in high food prices, and shortage of food led almost to famine. By 1834 confidence in the permanence of the Colony was higher. Immigration, however, had almost ceased by 1836.

A further observation pertinent to Captain Graham was made in 1840: In West Australia, as in all new countries, manual strength is better remunerated than literary attainments, or high mental endowments; never-the-less, vigorous intellects, as well as active habits, are very essential to the success of the colonists. 60

Although it was noted that the labouring classes enjoyed more physical and material comforts, the adverse side of the immigrants’ existence is seen in the isolation, vast distance and temptation to drink to excess. Heat, flies and sand, long working hours and enforced self-reliance, thrift and industry were required for successful adaptation. Inevitably there were some ill-suited by temperament or circumstance for these conditions. Those drifters by nature, such as Graham, found Western Australia the end of the road.

REFERENCES

1. Hasluck, A.: Portrait with Background, Melbourne, 1960, p. 44 Appendix A, gives the passenger list on the “Warrior”.

2. C.S.O. 8/196, 20 September, 1830.

3. Uren, M.: Land Looking West. The story of Governor James Stirling in Western Australia, Oxford University Press, 1948, p. 153, cites Graham as “one time Governor of Sierra Leone”.

4. C.S.O. 8/196.

5. C.S.O. 2/103, 6 April, 1830.

6. Russell, Miss E. M.: “Early Lawyers of Western Australia”, West Australian Historical Society, Journal and Proceedings, Vol. IV, III, 1951, p. 49.

7. C.S.O. Vol. 67.

8. C.S.O. 9/63.

9. C.S.O. 11/58, 5 January, 1832.

10. C.S.O. 20/73, 31 January, 1832.

11. Uren, M.: op cit, p. 102.

12. C.S.O. Vol. 17, 9 August, 1831.

13. C.S.O. 8/218, 23 September, 1830. This incident is recorded by Bassett, Mamie, The Hentys p. 137, and Cohen, B. A History of Medicine in Western Australia, p. 48.

14. C.S.O. Vol. 9, pp. 7 and 8, 1 October, 1830.

58

15. C.S.O. 16/2<> and 16/170, June and July, 183\.

16. C.S.O. 8/196, 20 September, 1830.

17. ibid.

18. Ibid, reply 28 September, 1830.

19. C.S.O. Vol. 16/199, 19 July, 1831.

20. C.S.O. Vol. 13, April, 1831.

21. C.S.O. 15/30. 4 May, 1831.

22. C.S.O. Vol. 13, 19 April, 1831.

23. C.S.O.Vol. 12,9 January, 1831.

24. C.S.O. 15/30, 4 May, 1831.

25. Ibid, 30 May, 1831.

26. C.S.O. 16/10, 8 June, 1831.

27. C.S.O. 5/28, 24 September, 1831.

28. C.S.O. 17/197, 29 September, 1831.

29. C.S.O. 5/32, 3 October, 1831.

30. Ibid.

31. C.S.O. 5/35, 7 October, 1831.

32. C.S.O. 18/46, 8 October, 1831.

33. C.S.O. 5/43, 20 October and 18/53, 1831.

34. C.S.O. 18/103, 22 October, 1831.

35. C.S.O. 18/42, 1831.

36. C.S.O. 18/27, 31 October, 1831.

37. C.S.O. 18/164, 16 November, 1831.

38. Russell, op cit.

39. C.S.O. Vol. 13, February, 1831. A similar claim was made in 1834, to detain R. M. Lyon, who wished to leave "Western Australia while owing debts of £3/16/4 to Graham.

40. C.S.O. Vol. 12, 137/138, 2 February, 1831.

41. “Queries and Observations of the Accounts of Captain James Stirling of His Majesty’s Settlement in Western Australia from 5 February, 1829, to 31 March, 1832”. C.S.O. Vol. 68, 8 December, 1836.

42. C.S.O. 21/223, 29 April, 1832. A protest is registered against an “unconstitutional, offensive and malicious” sale of property. Perhaps his goods were to be sold to defray expenses of office.

43. See Swan River Booklet.

Uren, M.: Land Looking West, p. 153.

West Australian Colonial News. '_J|

44. References to this publication are seen in the Perth Gazette, 30 September and 14 October, 1837.

45. C.S.O. 26/105, 5 February, 1833.

46. C.S.O. 27/93, 8 May, 1833.

47. Request 20 June, 1834, C.S.O. 32/289, Refused C.S.O. 33/64, 9 Sep tember, 1834.

48. C.S.O. 33/66, September, 1834.

49. C.S.O. 35/177, 3 November, 1834; C.S.O. 43/168, 22 June, 1835 ai C.S.O. 39/182, 23 May, 1835.

50. C.S.O. 44/197, 11 February, 1836 and 11 Januaiy, 1836, 44/44.

51. C.S.O. 51/230, 17 February, 1837.

52. Supplement Vol., Applications, 10 October, 1838, p. 151. lnqu after 1832 were held before a Justice of the Peace, and the offic Coroner appears to have lapsed, although in some cases the Cob Surgeon was called upon to give medical evidence at Inquests, ordinance of 1856, 79 Viet., No. 10, “to facilitate Inquiries ii nature of Coroners Inquests” gave every Justice of the Peace the to act as Coroner. Juries were to consist of three to six persons Statutes of Western Australia.

53. Lots Q No. 17 and (Lot G, No. 9 C.S.O. Vol. 70, 24 June, Supplement Vol. 11, 1838, p. 63.

54. C.S.O. Vol. 67, 2 August, 1839.

[page] 59

55. Ibid.

56. C.S.O. Vol. 67.

57. Russell, E. M.: op cit., p. 49.

58. Inquirer, 18 August, 1841: W. Rogers executor of estate. Registrar General Office, Records of Deaths.

59. Mr. Henry Camfield, quoted by Bassett, M. in The Hentys, p. 118. Presumably the figures quoted are English pounds.

60. Report on the Statistics of Western Australia in 1840, with observations by the Colonial Committee of Correspondence, Perth, Western Australia. Printed by F. Lochee, St. George’s Terrace, 1841, p. 4.

Freotopia

This page incorporates material from Garry Gillard's Freotopia website, that he started in 2014 and the contents of which he donated to Wikimedia Australia in 2024. The content was originally created on 23 April, 2021 and hosted at freotopia.org/earlydays/7/joske.html (it was last updated on 23 April, 2021), and has been edited since it was imported here (see page history). The donated data is also preserved in the Internet Archive's collection.